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How Did the Degenerate Art Exhibition Seek to Manipulate What Was Classified as art? Quizlet

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1937 art exhibition in Nazi Germany

Degenerate Fine art Exhibition
Entartete "KUNST" Ausstellungsführer 30 Pfg. Degenerate art Exhibition catalogue front cover 1937 Nazi Germany Propaganda Otto Freundlich Der neue Mensch (L'Homme nouveau) 1912 No known copyright restrictions 17-20 (3).jpg

Encompass of the exhibition program: Degenerate Art Exhibition, 1937. The word "Kunst," significant art, is in scare quotes; the artwork is Otto Freundlich's sculpture Der Neue Mensch.
Date 19 July – 30 November 1937 (5 months)
Location Institute of Archaeology in the Hofgarten
Theme Propaganda
Motive To scapegoat the advanced and exalt classical and neoclassical art, which lionized Nazism
Target Jewish artists, Modernism and 650 pieces of fine art confiscated from German museums
Organized by Adolf Ziegler and the Nazi Party

The Degenerate Art exhibition (German: Die Ausstellung "Entartete Kunst") was an art exhibition organized by Adolf Ziegler and the Nazi Party in Munich from 19 July to 30 Nov 1937. The exhibition presented 650 works of art, confiscated from German museums, and was staged in counterpoint to the concurrent Slap-up German Art Exhibition.[ane] The 24-hour interval before the exhibition started, Hitler delivered a spoken communication declaring "merciless war" on cultural disintegration, attacking "chatterboxes, dilettantes and art swindlers".[i] Degenerate art was divers as works that "insult German feeling, or destroy or confuse natural form or merely reveal an absence of acceptable transmission and artistic skill".[ane] 1 million people attended the exhibition in its outset six weeks.[1] A U.S. critic commented "there are probably plenty of people—art lovers—in Boston, who volition side with Hitler in this detail purge".[1]

Background [edit]

Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933 was quickly followed by deportment intended to cleanse the culture of so-called degeneracy: volume burnings were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from educational activity positions, and museum curators were replaced by Political party members.[ii] In September 1933 the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Civilization Chamber) was established, administered by Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda).

Entartete Kunst, Degenerate Art Exhibition catalogue, 1937, p. 23. Works from top left to lower correct: * Johannes Molzahn, Der Gott der Flieger, 1921, oil on sail. * Jean Metzinger, En Canot ("On the Beach"), 1913. * Kurt Schwitters, Merzbild, 1918–19, mixed media, 100 x 70 cm. * Johannes Molzahn, Familienbild

The arbiter of what was unacceptably "mod" was Hitler. Although Goebbels and some others admired the Expressionist works of artists such every bit Emil Nolde, Ernst Barlach, and Erich Heckel, a faction led by Alfred Rosenberg despised the Expressionists, and the effect was a biting ideological dispute which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler—who denounced modernistic fine art and its practitioners every bit "incompetents, cheats and madmen"—[1] [3] declared that there would be no identify for modernist experimentation in the Reich.[4]

In the starting time half of 1937, preparations were underway for the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung ("Great German Art Exhibition"), which was to showcase fine art approved by the Nazis. An open up invitation to German artists resulted in fifteen,000 works existence submitted to the exhibition jury, which included allies of Goebbels.[five] When the works they selected for the exhibition were shown to Hitler for his approval, he became enraged. Hitler dismissed the jury and appointed his personal lensman Heinrich Hoffmann to make a new selection.[5]

In a diary entry of iv June 1937, Goebbels conceived the thought of a separate exhibition of works from the Weimar era, which he called "the era of disuse. So the people can run into and understand."[5] The art historian Olaf Peters says Goebbels' motivation in proposing the exhibition was partly to obscure the weakness of the works in the Neat German Fine art Exhibition, and partly to regain Hitler's trust later on the dictator'due south replacement of Goebbel'due south jurors with Hoffmann, who Goebbels feared equally a rival.[5] On 30 June, Hitler signed an order authorising the Degenerate Art Exhibition.[3] Goebbels put Adolf Ziegler, the caput of the Reichskammer der Bildenden Künste (Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a 5-human being commission that toured state collections in numerous cities, in ii weeks seizing 5,238 works they deemed degenerate (showing qualities such every bit "decadence", "weakness of grapheme","mental disease", and "racial impurity").[3] This collection would be boosted by subsequent raids on museums, for future exhibitions.[iii] The commission focused on works by artists mentioned in advanced publications, and was aided past some vehement opponents of mod art, such as Wolfgang Willrich.[3]

The exhibition was prepared in haste, to be presented concurrently with the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung ("Great German Art Exhibition") scheduled to open up on 18 July 1937.[five] Imitating Hitler, Ziegler delivered a mordant critique of mod art at the opening of the Degenerate Art Exhibition on 19 July 1937.[three]

Event [edit]

The exhibition was hosted in the Institute of Archaeology in the Hofgarten in Munich.[3] The venue was called for its item qualities (dark, narrow rooms).[three] Many works were displayed without frames and partially covered by derogatory slogans.[three] Photographs of the exhibitions had been made, as well every bit a catalogue, produced for the Berlin show,[3] which accompanied the exhibition as it travelled.[6] A film of sections of the exhibition had besides been produced.[7] The Degenerate Art Exhibition included 650 paintings, sculptures and prints by 112 artists, primarily German:[3] Georg Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Paul Klee, Georg Kolbe, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Franz Marc, Emil Nolde, Otto Dix, Willi Baumeister, Kurt Schwitters and others.[3] [eight] Ziegler also confiscated and exhibited works of foreign artists, such equally Pablo Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Piet Mondrian, Marc Chagall and Wassily Kandinsky. A large number of works were not displayed, as the exhibition focused on German works.[3] The exhibition lasted until 30 November 1937,[3] and 2,009,899 visitors attended it, an average of xx,000 people per day.[3]

Layout [edit]

Goebbels views the Degenerate Art exhibition, with two paintings of Emil Nolde hanging to the left

The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room independent works considered demeaning of religion; the 2nd featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of Federal republic of germany. The rest of the exhibit had no particular theme.

At that place were slogans painted on the walls. For example:

  • Insolent mockery of the Divine under Centrist rule
  • Revelation of the Jewish racial soul
  • An insult to German language womanhood
  • The ideal—cretin and whore
  • Deliberate sabotage of national defense force
  • German farmers—a Yiddish view
  • The Jewish longing for the wilderness reveals itself—in Frg the Negro becomes the racial ideal of a degenerate art
  • Madness becomes method
  • Nature as seen past sick minds
  • Even museum bigwigs chosen this the "fine art of the German people"[9]

Political goals [edit]

Jean Metzinger, 1913, En Canot (Im Boot), oil on canvas, 146 ten 114 cm, exhibited at Moderni Umeni, S.V.U. Mánes, Prague, 1914, caused in 1916 by Georg Muche at the Galerie Der Sturm, confiscated by the Nazis circa 1936 from the Kronprinzenpalais, Nationalgalerie, Berlin, displayed at the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich, and missing ever since.[x] [11] [12]

Speeches of Nazi political party leaders contrasted with artist manifestos from diverse art movements, such as Dada and Surrealism. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the instance of paintings acquired during the post-state of war Weimar hyperinflation of the early 1920s, when the toll of a kilo loaf of breadstuff reached 233 billion German marks,[13] the prices of the paintings were greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the thought that modernism was a conspiracy by people who hated High german decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only vi of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were Jewish.[14]

The concurrent Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung ("Great German Art Exhibition") was intended to evidence the more classical and "racially pure" type of art advocated by the Nazi regime.[iii] That exhibition was hosted nigh Hofgarten, in the Haus der Deutschen Kunst.[3] It is described as mediocre by modernistic sources, and attracted but most half the numbers of the Degenerate Fine art one.[three]

Subsequent events [edit]

Entartete Kunst, poster for the 1938 exhibition in the firm of art at Koenigsplatz in Munich

Another Degenerate Fine art Exhibition was hosted a few months subsequently in Berlin, and later in Leipzig, Düsseldorf, Weimar, Halle, Vienna and Salzburg, to be seen by another million or so people.[3] Many works were after sold off, although interested buyers were deficient and prices dropped drastically with the improver of such a large quantity of works to the art market place:[15] Goebbels wrote of them changing hands between U.Due south. collectors for "ten cents a kilo", although some "strange exchange ... will go into the pot for war expenses, and later on the war will exist devoted to the purchase of fine art."[1] Nearly 5,000 were burned on twenty March 1939.[iii] In June 1939, an auction took identify in Lucerne, where 125 degenerate artworks were put on sale.[xvi] The acquirement of the exhibit was of almost 125'000$, much less than expected.[17]

In 1991, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art staged a forensic reproduction of the exhibition.[18]

300 of the exhibited works were apparently purchased or otherwise appropriated by art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt who had reported them destroyed past bombardments; however, they resurfaced when details of the Gurlitt Collection which had been inherited by his son Cornelius were fabricated known in 2013.[19] Cornelius Gurlitt left the drove to the Museum of Fine Arts Bern in Switzerland which in November 2017 exhibited a number of them in an exhibition entitled "Gurlitt: Status Report: Degenerate Art – Confiscated and Sold".[20]

In 2014, the Neue Galerie New York staged Degenerate Art: The Attack on Modern Fine art in Nazi Germany, 1937, an exhibition bringing together paintings and sculptures from the 1937 exhibition forth with films and photos of the original installations, promotional and propaganda materials and some surviving Nazi-approved art from the official exhibition set up to contrast with the modernist and avant-garde works the Nazis considered "degenerate".[21] [15]

The Museum of Modern Art has now established a digital exhibit that showcases artwork from the Degenerate Art Exhibition. MoMA highlights a collection of piece of work that were accounted equally "degenerate art" and removed from German language state-owned museums past the Nazi authorities.[22]

Run across besides [edit]

  • Ahnenerbe
  • Art of the Tertiary Reich
  • Degenerate music

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f grand Spotts, Frederic (2002). Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics. The Overlook Press. pp. 151–68. ISBNi-58567-507-5.
  2. ^ Adam 1992, p.52
  3. ^ a b c d e f k h i j k 50 g n o p q r s t "U. Ginder: Two 1937 Art Exhibitions in Munich". History.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  4. ^ Grosshans 1983, p. 73-74
  5. ^ a b c d e Kimmelman, Michael (19 June 2014). "The Art Hitler Hated". The New York Review of Books 61 (11): 25–26.
  6. ^ Kaiser, Fritz (1991). "Entartete "Kunst" Ausftellungsführer". In Barron, Stephanie (ed.). Degenerate fine art : the fate of the avant-garde in Nazi Deutschland. Translated past Britt, David. New York: H.N. Abrams. pp. 356-90. ISBN9780810936539.
  7. ^ Steven Spielberg Film and Video Annal, High german town; Degenerate Art showroom in Munich, Movie of Degenerate Art Exhibition, Story RG-threescore.2668, Tape 951
  8. ^ "1937 Munich exhibition of Degenerate Art". Ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  9. ^ Barron 1991, p.46
  10. ^ "Jean Metzinger, Im Kick (En Canot), Degenerate Fine art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)". Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved nine November 2013.
  11. ^ "Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)". Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 9 Nov 2013.
  12. ^ Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937-1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, Volume 1 p. 36, Metzinger, Im Kanu, 16956
  13. ^ Evans 2004, p. 106.
  14. ^ Barron 1991, p.9.
  15. ^ a b Budick, Ariella (21 March 2014). "'Degenerate Fine art' exhibition at the Neue Galerie New York". The Financial Times . Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  16. ^ Studer, Guy (9 November 2013). "RAUBKUNST: Kollaborateur oder Nutzniesser?". Luzerner Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  17. ^ Barron, Stephanie (1992). "Entartete Kunst": das Schicksal der Avantgarde im Nazi-Federal republic of germany : [eine Ausstellung des] Los Angeles County Museum of Fine art [übernommen vom] Deutschen Historischen Museum (in German language). Hirmer Publishers. p. 147. ISBN3-7774-5880-5.
  18. ^ Wilson, William (15 February 1991). "Art Review : Revisiting the Unthinkable : Nazi Frg's 'Degenerate Art' Show at LACMA". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  19. ^ Eddy, Mellisa (5 November 2013). "German Officials Provide Details on Looted Art Trove". The New York Times . Retrieved v Nov 2013.
  20. ^ "Gurlitt: Status Report: Degenerate Art - Confiscated and Sold". Kunstmuseum Bern. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  21. ^ Farago, Jason (xiii March 2014). "Degenerate Fine art: The Attack on Modern Art in Nazi Frg, 1937 review – What Hitler dismissed equally 'filth'". The Guardian . Retrieved 18 Baronial 2021.
  22. ^ "Degenerate Art". MoMA. Retrieved iv June 2021.
Bibliography
  • Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. New York: Harry Due north. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5
  • Barron, Stephanie, ed. (1991). 'Degenerate Fine art:' The Fate of the Avant-garde in Nazi Deutschland. New York: Harry Due north. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3653-four
  • Evans, R. J. (2004). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: The Penguin Press. ISBN i-59420-004-1
  • Grosshans, Henry (1983). Hitler and the Artists. New York: Holmes & Meyer. ISBN 0-8419-0746-three

External links [edit]

  • Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over sixteen,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Federal republic of germany, 1937-1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, 2014.
  • Explore 'Entartete Kunst': The Nazis' inventory of 'degenerate fine art', Victoria and Albert Museum. 2019.
  • Neil Levi, "Judge for Yourselves" – The Degenerate Art Exhibition as Political Spectacle, Oct, 85 (Summertime 1998), 41–64, pp. 48,56
  • Maren Laurel Read, ART AND PROPAGANDA: THE DEGENERATE Art EXHIBITION
  • Collection: "All Artists in the Degenerate Fine art Show" from the University of Michigan Museum of Art

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_Art_exhibition

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